Conservation of Energy – darrylpenney

Chapter 49: Consciousness, Creativity, Decision-making, Artificial Consciousness and Conservation of Energy

Abstract: a general form of mathematics/logic as used by the mind/brain is derived by logic, we evolved reality from the probability of existence, probability space supplies the five dimensions that Kaluza and Klein predicted were necassary, the fifth dimension is ‘entanglement’ with the operator ‘measurement’ that determines reality, iteration is a measurement, limited variation allows decision-making and consciousness/creativity is created by variation plus decision-making, two methods that the mind/brain may use to produce variation are suggested, decision-making is a physical process, the Law of Conservation of Energy is not relevant.

postscript: examples of conscious machines in use today are given.

I have spent a lot of time deriving and using a general mathematics of concepts that I have called the Mathematics of the Mind because the concepts are in/of our minds. Now that I understand it better, it is perhaps time to investigate it from a different (logical) perspective because mathematics and logic always go together. If I am correct, I can derive the Mathematics of the Mind not only from a mathematical perspective (which I have done) but also using the logic of the mind/brain.

We know that we exist (I think, therefore I am, Descartes), but existence is immaterial to us, personally, it is reality that is important and reality depends on existence. We probably don’t really exist, but whether we do or do not, we can exist in the probability of existence for a certain time (zero-point energy), and mathematically, a probability space contains three space dimensions, time passing and the sum of every point adds up to one. This last is the fifth dimension that is part of everything because everything is interconnected to a sum of one, such as, one would expect, conservation of energy. We will find that this concept is not what is expected!

Life started and evolved according to the three Laws of Life, and iteration was the operator that produced evolution. Iteration is going towards a limit that is determined by the system that is driving to it, and that iterative process generates a measurement, and measurement produces a reality. Every time a measurement is made, it requires a mind or a system producing an iteration to ‘determine’ something. This is quite simple because if something is not measured or acknowledged no one knows it exists and it goes about its business ‘bouncing’ around (Chapter 27: Existence, Reality and the Effect on Fundamental Physics).

Expanding this last paragraph, everything is indeterminate until it is measured (consider two forms of a photon going through a slit experiment or a tree falling unseen in the forest)), also, it takes measurement because there has to be a will to measure and that brings in the fifth dimension where everything is interlinked or entangled (two particles remain entangled in logic and measuring one makes the other determinate, or exist to the measurer). We evolved senses that use physical means, such as two nostrils to guide us to food, but quantum mechanics is intrinsically uncertain because of the logic of only being able to measure with particle/waves that are not infinitely small and this uncertainty allows choices that are the comparison of two measurements, an original and a spurious or randomly (but not excessively random) choice and that ability is contained in consciousness/creativity/curiosity. The simplest form of the summation of every point for entanglement is measurement.

Somewhere in the hindbrain is a ‘comparator’ that compares a string of circulating action potentials (memory) with a string coming from the senses, tagged emotionally for retention and importance. This comparison needs a brain (hindbrain) so its formation postdates the senses of smell and touch. A reality is necessary because an organism will not survive if a predator is not recognized, so the organism has to measure the predator’s closeness and speed of attack. It was mentioned in chapter 46: The Cambrian Explosion of Life-forms that the formation of eyes radically changed reality. ‘When the chances of getting snared by a predator are little more than random, there’s no reason to evolve heavy, expensive defences against misfortune. But once the predator can see you, and pursue you, the chances of falling victim to its attentions are astronomically increased and a suit of armour becomes a worthwhile investment.’ (The Eye, a natural history, Simon Ings, p 94) In other words, without eyes, organisms moved slowly using only feel and smell to graze and if a predator attacked, it was only when it physically collided with its prey.

With the formation of eyes and thus the necessity of measuring distance and speed at all times as a precaution against predation, it became necessary for every larger animal (because size was necessary for good sight for those without a niche to hide in) to use measurement, and an increased brain complexity. However, quantum mechanical tunnelling produces action potentials in nearby nerve dendrites that would be random noise unless the brain allocated particular senses to particular areas of storage. With particular areas, any generation of action potentials will be on the same general subject and thus gives options that lead to creativity/consciousness.

Most people have a ‘short-term’ working memory that holds about seven digits and so it could be said (for simplicity) that we can handle seven concepts at one time. A short-term memory would be the same hindbrain memory that has a circular path for the action potentials as mentioned above. So, we could say that we can handle a maximum of seven pieces of information upon which to make a decision to ignore, fight or flee a predator. The decision has to be made in the shortest possible time and is heritable, so we can be sure that it is there somewhere, and going even further, we can confabulate or recognise a partially hidden threat, or opportunity.

The concept of confabulation is interesting because it is the ability that we have of recognizing a predator that is partially hidden as one would expect if the predator was using ‘cover’ in its attack. Needless to say that this ability is strongly heritable as the most successful have a better chance of survival and juggling (say) seven ‘images’ by the mind/brain increases the chances of deciding if a predator is stalking you.

So, putting the above together, the pre-Cambrian was a slow, relatively gentle world, with small organisms with poor sight moving slowly. The advent of sight in one organism changed reality so that all species were at risk and there was maximum pressure for the successful organism to take over niches that came about by species that couldn’t adapt fast enough to sight. The easiest way to grow larger to handle the lensed eye was to add more segments, and that led to the notochord and eventually the backbone over time. The nerves are close together to enable synchronization of cilia and legs by induction of action potentials, but in the head, induction produces ‘noise’ around the subject of the memory, which leads to choice and necessarily measurement and a new system is utilized.

The ‘trees’ of memory in the fore-brain cause a ‘cascade’ of iteration in thoughts through induction and there is no difference between them, except that memory will be the correct length of action potentials and spurious thoughts will be on the same subject but shorter and this could rank them, but measurement or decision as to which is most suitable must still be made. In terms of confabulation, this decision-making is highly heritable. So, the Cambrian brought eyes and thus forced decision-making, which is half of consciousness, and the other half is variability so that a decision can be made.

The results of this change in reality is that lensed eyes required a physically larger body, a more complex mind, a locking-in of a new dimension of decision-making producing a change in reality of immense proportions as happened at the Cambrian. The first brain, that we call the hindbrain, possibly uses circulating action potentials as memory because it is the simplest method and we probably still have it because our brains use a lot of energy for their size compared with the rest of the body. Remember that de-corticated rats, as mentioned earlier, play/fight with no apparent loss of ability which indicates that the fore-brain is not used principally for movement etc.

Later a new design of brain evolved that we call the cortex, which is composed of intermingled ‘trees’ of dendrites that allow induction to produce different thoughts on the same subject and each complete ‘tree’ is a memory or concept and we are using measurement/decision to decide which is the best in each circumstance. This fore-brain uses a different form of storage of memories and having to use action potentials, evolution had to find a way of storing memories and this was, I believe, by iteration and comparison. In other words, there are comparators in the hindbrain and cortex, probably of similar type.

These memories (in both hindbrain and fore-brain) correspond to ‘attractors’ in the Mathematics of the Mind, and only that that we know or have learnt is held in our heads, which determines what is, for us, determinate, and anything that we learn is a process of measurement. So, the mind/brain and the Mathematics of the Mind are the same in theory, but the mind/brain uses comparators, whilst the Mathematics of the Mind uses a mind/brain. In other words, something has to make a decision and both use the comparators in brains.

The Rule of Life says that the mind/brain’s organization is the simplest possible, so the organization of the mind/brain should result in a general theory, such as the Mathematics of the Mind, also we find that the organization is so simple that it is difficult to understand how it works. However, it does appear that memories are stored in two different ways in our brains and these attractors are ‘sampled’ by consciousness/creativity making a decision by selecting the original memory or a spurious memory, but within the subject.

We have taken the 3 space dimensions and time passing and turned them into the ‘derived dimensions’ of distance and time interval by inventing clocks to enable us to measure distance of a predator and ‘speed’ of possible attack. The body’s attempt to create a ‘perfect’ reality has meant that we believe that we live in a world of space-time and that caused the problems with relativity and quantum mechanics that I described earlier. Those problems disappear when it is realized that there is a fifth dimension that is not space, not time, not logic but ‘logic-like’ and is a simple ‘entanglement’.

If smell and feel are purely physical, measurement and decision-making lead to a whole new world of consciousness/creativity.

Chapter 27: Existence, Reality and the Effect on Fundamental Physics

Abstract:

Our existence, reality and fundamental physics are examined, the ‘Multiverse’ is identified and the Big Bang is naturally occurring, no concept of ‘inflation’ is needed, our reality consists of space-time and a logic operator which identifies the fifth dimension of Kaluza and Klein, that the universe and quantum mechanics are intimately linked without gravity, shows how light quanta are transmitted in a vacuum, why the speed of light may change with the expansion of the universe and why the Michelson Morley results occurred, that the observer MUST be part of the measurement process, that the speed of light is the maximum that we can measure using light, that the two postulates of Special Relativity are derivable and that Relativity is a simple derivation of logic, and this logic indicates that consciousness co-evolved with the first senses and is very ancient and that the Big Bang’s energy and particles produce both time and space.

E=mc2 is a triviality at best and wrong and misleading at worst, that the assumption of the equivalence of matter and energy with respect to gravity may be false, so the Law of Conservation of Energy might be approximate, our world and the universe are shown to follow the force/impulse equation – with different interpretations, similarly force and potential energy, if an experimenter controls the impulse, he is part of the experiment, that curved space-time and potential ‘wells’ are synonymous, that the existence of the universe is indeterminate in time and will end in a Big Blink, that God must be the God of Truth and we are made in his image, the three Laws of Life define the Trinity and the Holy Spirit is identified, that Occam’s Razor is a crucial and basic solution in a mathematics of concepts and Descartes’ statement is refined and derived to ‘we evolved reality out of the possibility of existence’.

It is shown that logic is needed to understand that measured by mathematics, and when logic is applied, special relativity, quantum mechanics etc are simple concepts and the example above, draws together cosmology, quantum mechanics and Life and shows how they are interrelated through the three Laws of Life. In conclusion, the above shows that logic, a mathematics of concepts and an understanding of creativity in the mind/brain, provides an over-arching connectivity and simplification of traditional scientific disciplines.

postscript: Chaos Theory is embedded into existence, reality and a mathematics of concepts.

I have reprinted the abstract above because it is all interrelated and forms a whole and shows that a logic dimension is necessary and is the fifth dimension that Kaluza and Klein predicted in a paper in the nineteen twenties. The dimension must be logical because, I believe that the Big Bang occurred at certainty of creation in probability space (zero-point energy) and a universe was created using two STATES of the ‘certainty’, that we call energy and matter. Light is pure energy (no rest mass) or equivalently ‘certainty/energy form’ which is logical in nature, so Kaluza and Klein were looking for another dimension to ‘carry’ light and may not have realized that the possibility is there, that light (itself) is logical (certainty/light form).

Mathematics and logic can’t be separated because they set up a measurement and make a measurement and in so doing ‘link-in’ with the universe-wide entanglement that comes with the requirement of probability space that the sum of something at every point equals 1, no matter what. For example, it is logically impossible not to have (or simply possible to have) conservation of Energy, simply because energy cannot be created or destroyed. Why do I say this, which is an assumption of physics? The Big Bang created a certain amount of ‘certainty’ that we see as energy/matter and as they are ‘states’ of ‘certainty’, there must always be the same amount of ‘certainty’. That would seem to be the simple logical explanation of the cumbersome requirement that the sum of energy/matter at every point in the universe must add up to one, and we can relax the requirement of the ‘assumption’ of Conservation of Energy.

It is interesting that the Theory of Conservation of Energy was assumed by observation and then Einstein said that matter and energy are related in the form E=mc2 and the theory became the Conservation of Matter and Energy. With the realization that energy and matter are two STATES of the same thing it is apparent that the theory is an illusion, and is the same as saying the Law of Conservation of Water, Steam and Ice, which is clearly unnecessary because they are the same thing. If a ‘proof’ is needed, it is apparent that over 14 billion years it is simplest to consider that the universe would have changed significantly if energy were not conserved, but that has not happened (Rule of Life and Occam’s razor). The small element of doubt will not affect our very limited tenure of the earth! A bigger worry might be the Big Blink!

It can be seen from the above that mathematics and logic are both necessary, or perhaps we should call it Mathologics to remind us of this fact and the final test might be to apply mathologic to the Mathematics of the Mind. From the previous Chapter 47: Getting ‘Preferential’ Politics to Work, ‘using mathematics, which leads to technology, instead of the Mathematics of the Mind, which leads to technology and social matters and the question of technology in society. It is a general solution that depends on the attractors brought into it. Logically, a general solution MUST be iterative and ‘in the limit’, simply because it is illogical to expect a unique solution to always exist AND for us to know it! That is the preserve assigned to God!’

In other words, we only know a certain amount and the rest of the universe is indeterminate, so how can we even think about the indeterminate? Trying to make universal rules without going to the basics is the current thinking of mathematics, and the effects are shown in Chapter 2: The Philosophers’ Stone. If we are to make general universe wide theories, we have to make them using basic assumptions and they are Existence and Reality. I have tried to do that here and that lead to the solution (to my mind) of quantum mechanics, relativity, action at a distance etc. The realization that the mind/brain is ALWAYS part of the experiment, as are mathematics and logic, clears the thinking. To expand this idea, Einstein and others did a great job of explaining the universe in space-time, but like fighting with one arm, they were at a disadvantage, and I believe that it doesn’t come together until the fifth dimension was recognised and used

Obviously the hindbrain has a set of comparators, but the cortex has possibly a larger more obvious organ and in line with the fact that the cerebrum is hemispherical and if the action potential are always the same length to denote the original thought, this organ would be at the centre. We find from chapter 10: Creative Thinking – the Ninth Sense: ‘also, creativity is enhanced through the thalamus allocating the various parts (from different sensors) of a memory to the appropriate lobe of the brain. When creative thinking (induction of neurons) occurs, it would occur in related areas to the current thinking because the thalamus stores the memories of like occurrence in the same lobe. However, the stimulated neuron is linked to different parts of the brain as the memory is followed through the lobes.’ This is purely a guess, but it appears logical that the thalamus, being at the centre of the hemispherical cerebrum might be the place to look.

The questions ‘how good is the decision?’, ‘Can the decision be made better?’, ‘can the decision be made so that it includes wine?’ and so forth show that it becomes apparent that these questions ARE the mathematics (setting up) and put in terms of the Mathematics of the Mind these questions ARE the attractors (among others). Thus the more attractors considered, the more accurate, the more appropriate, the more relevant etc. and this parallels our brain in that the more ‘factual/organisational/informative etc. our memories/learning, the more dendrites, the closer together and the more creativity. Another theory of creating alternatives that are ‘centred’ around a thought/fact is given below that may be the one used, or both might be used. We can’t have decision-making unless we have useable (close) alternatives that provide creativity and it is thus apparent that consciousness is creativity plus decision-making.

To repeat, consciousness is composed of creativity plus decision-making and we found that creativity was created by quantum mechanical induction brought about by the logic/fact that a photon cannot instantaneously change direction because it has a momentum. It was shown in chapter 27: Existence, Reality and the Effect on Fundamental Physics that light and matter are two states of the same thing and that the energy of matter and photons changed infinitesimally in potential wells. In other words, the energy of the photon changes directly with its frequency, which we know. Further, it was shown that if no measurement was made then change in momentum is an impulse (force x time) and it is illogical to expect time zero, else the force would be infinite, so if time is not zero, there will be an ‘over-hang’ or ‘tunnelling’ called the evanescent wave.

I believe that it is possible that this evanescent wave produces new action potentials in adjacent dendrites. These action potentials use ATP to power them and as long as there is sufficient ATP, these action potentials continue to progress along the dendrite without losses to structure. I believe that these circulating strings were the first method of storing ‘memories’ and are still used at present (Rule of Life).

The second part is the decision-making, and the Rule of Life says that the organization is as simple as possible, so anything that I suggest may be used, or, something simpler. The original memory was probably circles of action potential, the same as came from the senses and these could be kept as a permanent memory, albeit at a high price in energy (ATP). The cerebrum uses permanent memory, probably stored in a set length, but I imagine that the comparators use the comparison of action potentials to make a decision.

How can comparison be made? I thought that decision used some logic such as entanglement, but it may be much simpler. Consider that when we measure, we change our reality. An example is that when we measure a photon passing through a double slit we determine if the pattern on a screen is that of particles or waves (Copenhagen interpretation). The act of measurement changes our reality and causes the thing that we measure to become ‘real’ to us (the wave function is defined) and I have mentioned this many times. Why should measurement have an effect on the space that we occupy?

I believe that we probably don’t exist but have evolved a reality in the probability of existence and the definition of a probability space is 3 spatial, time passing and that the sum of the probability summed for every point is one. This latter requirement is entanglement or allows entanglement and that is all! I thought that it led to logic, but it is much simpler than that. Entanglement produces our reality and that is all that we need because decision-making does not appear to require logic.

The Mathematics of the Mind changes indeterminacy/chaos into our living space with the aid of the Logic of the Half-truth that uses mathematics or the mind/brain to determine which part is true. In other words, Truth creates a reality because we are measuring the indeterminate and that forces the determinate to become our reality. Both iteration and truth are the operator Truth. Notice that both iteration and the decision of what is true are measurements that produce reality. I have said this many times because Survival of the Fittest uses iteration and Survival of the Best uses the mind/brain.

Iteration is part of the inter-relational Laws of Life because it is a measurement and that fact forces reality, and, as the mind/brain is a measuring tool (speed, distance, time interval), the mind/brain also forces reality. Iteration is at the very basis of life because our genes are mutated, but they also have the ‘jumping’ gene effect where ‘chunks’ of DNA are moved among the genes to speed iteration (evolution). It should be noted that, in my opinion, measurement of speed, distance and time interval, which are peculiar to our world and not the universe in general, still provoke reality.

This fifth dimension of entanglement/engagement that produces our reality means that logic is deterministic and can be handled by physical means such as switches. This fact was foreshadowed by using both mathematics and logic to derive the Mathematics of the Mind. So let’s look at decision-making in the brain. The senses send strings of action potentials to the brain of a certain length and the brain holds a number of circulating strings of the same length in the hindbrain or ‘trees’ in the cortex that are tagged with a degree of emotion and these are memory.

Spurious thoughts will be generated and pass into and be compared also to see how alike are the thoughts from the senses (decision-making).

Our eyes only focus properly on a thumbnail sized area at arms length, so the rest of our vision is ‘remembered’ by the brain to project a reality and update all parts of our field of vision over time. The tiny focussed area only needs be checked for emotional tags, which means predator, possible mate, competitor etc. So, when the animal is grazing, strings come in and are compared to the strings held in memories and after a number have been compared with no result, they die out, or replace ‘old’ strings. If a string is somewhat the same, the animal tenses and continues to look in the direction from which the sense is coming and a constant stream of the sense is compared to both the original and the (somewhat) spurious memories that will be shorter. The degree of match will determine whether the animal should ignore, flee or if the predator is very close, fight.

Iteration and the mind/brain create reality or changes in reality by measurement and in particular the iteration caused by spuriously generated memories. Remember that the photon/slit experiment changed reality when the result was known, but not known to the experimenter (before the experimenter looked at the result). Another system might invoke reality through iteration at storage. In the hindbrain, the circulating action potentials are unchanged and would not constitute iteration and not be a measurement. Thus, this would not affect reality for organisms less developed than fish (fish and higher have a fore-brain). In the cortex, the only way to lay down a memory that would send a string of action potentials (probably of a set length) when stimulated is the iterative approach mentioned earlier that would change reality upon learning a fact. This suggests that when I learn a fact, and its associated place in the world, I change my reality in the light of that fact, which appears logical and appears to happen in the world around us and is called learning. This aligns with that mentioned previously that unrelated facts as read in a newspaper do not contribute substantially to our intelligence.

Given that we don’t learn a fact once but many times and it is slightly changed each time by the method of iteration (monkeys on typewriters), we already possess ‘creative’ or variant/spurious thought in our heads and the more that we know, the more multiples of variation on each fact that come down to our comparators when we think on a subject. When we think, we probably generate internal sense signals in the way we do when laying down memories in sleep and close off the external sense input.

The prediction then becomes, as in the theory of induction of spurious thoughts, that the more relevant ‘facts’ that we know, the more creative our mind/brain becomes, which is likely and perhaps both methods are in use. This still means that with the correct nutrition and exercise, we should be able to improve our minds as we age, and that is one of the aims of this book. Further, the healthier the diet, the correct exercise, lots of reading (related facts), and a bit of luck you should live a long time and your creative thinking should improve with age and there should be no reason to stop intellectual work and waste years of accumulating memories that can be built on so easily.

If genius is derived from the amount of work done with a (component) mind/brain, which depends only on nurture, and not, as seems to be the current thinking of different genes, the question becomes ‘why do we need all the people on this earth?’. This leads into Survival of the Best with hundreds of millions of people that are well educated instead of the billions that we have today. Surely, the time has come to plan!

postscript: Simple examples of artificial consciousness might be a camera mounted on a police car or on a building that takes small pictures continuously and saves them to give an overall view. Each small picture of a licence number or face approaching you on a busy street is checked for licence number or face recognition against a file of registered numbers or faces of felons and signals ‘no match’ or a ‘match’ and appropriate action is taken. Obviously the face or licence number recognition uses variability in comparison (to some degree). Is this sequence that is in use today, any different to consciousness? Further, it shows the Rule of Life tends to the simplest organization.