by Darryl Penney

 

Abstract: Newtonian physics would have us believe that a photon is a piece of energy that moves at a set speed. I believe that a photon carries energy and at the same time is in intimate entanglement with every other piece of energy in the universe through an organizational link with the probability space that prioritises measurement and forces a constant speed on the photon relative to the measurer. The law of conservation of energy does not exist as it is commonly stated, but does exist by default because the total energy is always zero. The Big Bang is a fallacy that should be replaced by a theory (Big Whoosh) of zero total energy, based on the dimensions of a probability space that is logically equivalent to our space and allows parasites (us) to better examine the workings of that space. In other words, our universe is easier to understand by using a mathematical construct such as a probability space. The interior of the photon is theoretically described and linked to a probability space from the bottom-up. Gravity and the photon’s energy are ‘unified’ in the sense of the Unified Field Theory without the need for gravitons and this points the way into atoms, subatomic particles etc. where the quark-antiquark coupling is another unification and indicates that the orthogonality/independence of energy (positive) and logic/organization/gravity (negative) is involved and results in, I believe, a simplified groundwork for the Grand Unified Theory (GUT).

 

Part 1: the photon

 

I, like most people have taken the law of conservation of energy at face value, that energy cannot be created nor destroyed and when that credo is coupled with the Big Bang theory, that all the energy ever created, is created in an instant, it seems to make a compelling and believable story. But, does it? Why did huge amounts of energy suddenly appear in the Big Bang [it did not]? Inflation happened after the Big Bang and adequate proof abounds that it did happen, but why did space suddenly ‘explode’ [energy per space is constant over time]? What physical process ensures that the amount of energy remains constant [energy is not constant and is intimately linked to the space]? The motion of the galaxies is supposed to be the residual momentum, so why is the universe expanding [creation of dark energy]? I am inclined to the opinion that this Big Bang is a creation myth, and an attempt to give a reason for ‘why we are here?’, and for the reasons outlined below, it is not a very good one.

 

By accepting the law of conservation of energy, that total energy is constant and non-zero, I proposed that our universe is a probability space because a mathematical probability space is a measuring space where the sum of the energy/probability/etc. at every point, remains at a total of 1, and also, a probability space provides an explanation for the enigma of the Michelson-Morley experiment [that every observer sees the speed of light as the same]. This occurs because the fifth dimension is (a +/and b)=1 for measurement/observers and it can be derived that the speed of light is constant, below [space to time is constant for all energy]. I found that a Big Whoosh, that is the continuous creation of energy that contains inflation as a natural progression fitted the facts/guesses better than a Big Bang. Further, I found that the mechanism for controlling a mathematical probability space, that accounts for an overall summation of what is being recorded, requires the four search axioms to link our minds to the physical space.

 

So how does the physical universe keep track of the total energy? The answer is that the use of a probability space proved very useful because it brought in the logical aspects that mathematics and physics downplay, and it required assuming an infinite speed of accounting for the conservation of energy universe-wide. In looking at the physics of a photon, I realized that there is an alternate method that is more logical and presents the law of conservation of energy in a new light. I have used this trick/method because a mathematical probability space is easy to handle, where the fifth dimension is (a +/and b)=1, whereas our universe is (a +/and b)=0 and literally disappears from sight [every point has zero energy]. We need to look at our universe in a different way to bring it into view and that is the concept of orthogonality, but that will have to wait.

 

Perhaps, what I am saying is that our universe is mathematically/physically ‘visible’ if our universe is a probability space that has a possibility of existing, although possibly, an infinitely small possibility. A probability of existence universe has a reality that is continuous and bounded, stretching from the infinitely small chance of not existing (0) to the infinitely small chance of existing (1). This reality, is why I considered a probability space in the beginning (chapter 27).

 

From chapter 87, ‘Mathematics is a special case that we evolved (world O) and “numbers are so closely allied to certain aspects of the natural world that we tend to think of them as something unique and almost physical. It is only when they are analysed more deeply that it becomes clear that they are an invention of the human mind – a method whereby our brains can model aspects of Nature. They are not Nature herself.”’ (The Problems of Mathematics, Ian Stewart, p 36)’

 

A mathematical probability space has the dimensions of three space, time passing and (a +/and b)=1 for measurement/recorders a and b, for simplicity from chapter 85, ‘if we quest the dimensions, we find three constant relationships: energy to time for all space, energy to space for all time and space to time for all energies because all of the dimensions change by the Lorentz contraction. The first appears to suggest conservation of energy over time, the second that space has a set energy and that the creation of space creates energy, as is commonly thought, and could be the mechanism that forces matter/galaxies with its negative potential energy to move outwards as space is created. The third relationship shows that all (free) energy, in the form of photons must have a constant speed, relative to the measurer, and this is the Michelson-Morley result (for all motions). These relationships are necessary quests in a measurement space and the second relationship, that space has a set energy and that the creation of space creates energy suggests a reason for dark energy to exist. “Dark energy is everywhere – a property of space itself – whereas dark matter occurs in blobs in the vicinity of galaxies.” (Star – Craving Mad, Fred Watson, p 256)’

 

The previous paragraph was necessary because it tells why we need a probability space, and that is to generate the fifth dimension that derives the relation that energy is equivalent to (a +/and b)=1, where a and b are measurement/recorders as well as the three quests, conservation of energy, energy is created as space is created and the speed of light is a constant to every observer. These three derivations contain an enigma if we use the usual interpretation of the law of conservation of energy, that the total energy is constant everywhere in the universe. This appears to be a false assumption, but logic, or to be more specific, organization can have strange ramifications.

 

Electric and magnetic fields are the basis of photons, but I am approaching the problem through a logical quest that is different to the current quest of physics, and I have made the point that different/all-quests need to be taken into account [compare wave-particle duality], so, in the limit, it is only if all the quests are undertaken can we be sure of an answer. This last sentence describes the uncertainty inherent in the mathematics of concepts, and that is a property of the space and affects everything as relevance. Electric and magnetic fields could be called the energy of a photon and the energy is a wave/particle with the carrier, that was once thought to be the ether, but is, I believe, the logic that links each photon with the probability space, and further, determines that its speed must be constant to the observer.

 

At this point, we are staring Newtonian physics in the face and questioning the momentum of a mass-less particle, why a photon has a constant speed for all energies, why is the speed constant relative to the observer that is moving, why does a photon travel in a straight line, but is bent in diffraction etc. are questions that cannot be answered unless the organization of the space/universe is entangled with each piece of energy/mass/photon at all times.

 

The mention of the above ‘compare wave-particle duality’ brings up another concept, that we wonder why we measure a photon as a wave or a particle and, I believe that this exhausts the set of explanations because our space is a simple space comprising five dimensions and we get/have a universe because questing is the basis of fractals. Looking into the sky, we see a fractal of stars and if it was not for Olber’s Paradox [stars are moving away] we may not exist because the sky would be uniformly star-bright. A photon is a piece of energy that is constrained, above, to move at an undefined speed, unless measured, and we can only imagine a wave or particle because, without an ether, what provides the momentum carrier for a wave? This assumes that momentum ‘carries’ the particle in Newtonian physics, but this is using a set of concepts/units that we have used in evolution to manage the predator/prey situation and what reference do these have to the universe in general?

 

I believe that momentum is a concept that simplifies too far in that it tries to explain the physical versus logical space [mind-space] in terms of the physical [‘+’] at the expense of the logical/organizational [‘and’]. Whilst this idea of Newtonian physics provides an explanation of momentum, it makes an enigma of wave motion. You can try to simplify too much, especially in a questing/fractal space because a fractal space requires a mind/brain to initiate a quest for elements of the fractal series. This is the first of the four search axioms that is forward-planning/press-start, and our mind is integral with the measurement process. In fact we are the measurement process, and a measurement occurs only because we record something! This is a skill that we have evolved as we ourselves evolved.

 

From chapter 86, ‘let us unfold (a+b)=1, where unfolding is following the questing [of quantum mechanics, evolution, business etc.]. The fifth dimension (a+b)=1, in this simple form produces five operators (ignoring, for the moment, the fact that the speed of light is an absolute and must be constant, that the energy per unit of space is constant and the law of conservation of minimum energy):

(a) measurement/entanglement that are local physical and independent/orthogonal (a+b)=1 [classical local action and reaction of matter that provides expansion of the universe, reflection, diffraction of light and water waves],

(b) measurement/entanglement that are universe-wide logical and independent/orthogonal (a and b)=1 [conservation of (zero) energy across the universe, gravity, creation of space/mass/energy/time through the Lorentz contraction],

(c) measurement/entanglement that are local physical and independent/orthogonal, (a+b) [local/personal appreciation], and

(d) measurement/entanglement that are universe-wide logical and independent/orthogonal (a and b) [universal/reality-wide appreciation]

(e) measurement/entanglement that links the operators ‘+’ and ‘and’ together in the fundamental relationship that links the physical/logical/organizational [mind-space, conservation of minimum energy]’

 

Lately, I have been wondering why I have not had to consider magnetic and electric fields that are so important to us in our modern lifestyle but it would seem that they are not particularly important in the larger organization of the universe, so, where are they important? ‘Quanta of EM waves are called photons, which are massless, but they are still affected by gravity. Electromagnetic radiation is associated with those EM waves that are free to propagate themselves (“radiate”) without the continuing influence of the moving charges that produced them, because they have achieved sufficient distance from those charges. Thus, EMR is sometimes referred to as the far field. In this language, the near field refers to EM fields near the charges and current that directly produced them, specifically, electromagnetic induction and electrostatic induction phenomena.’ (Wikipedia)

 

Photons are called electromagnetic radiation and are commonly depicted as electric and magnetic effects with orthogonal sinusoidal components arising simultaneously. Do magnetic and electric effects arise simultaneously? According to Maxwell’s equations, ‘how an electric current or a changing electric field produces a magnetic field’ (The Little Book of Scientific Principles, Theories and Things, Surendra Verma, p 102), or Oested’s Theory of Electromagnetism, ‘an electric current produces a magnetic field’ (p 69), so, they do arise together and fall to zero together.

 

However, if the physical energy of the photon drops to zero, where does it go? How does the photon remember what it was? This is the reason for postulating a springy ‘ether’, as a carrier, but the Michelson-Morley experiment debunked this theory and did a lot more, because, if there was no carrier and the speed was the same to each observer, what was keeping the speed constant relative to the observer? This presents an enigma because, above, the dimensions prove that the speed of light is constant, and the answer is that the measurement is relative to the observer, so there must be a relation, as above, that energy is equivalent to (a +/and b)=1, where a and b are measurement/recorders. In other words, the space has relativised the measurer and there must be a link between the photon, the observer and the space and that link is the logic/organizational part of energy.

 

The word ‘relativised’ often happens to things that we measure because, by measuring, we make them relative to us, as has to be. Unfortunately for us, the speed of light is an absolute and forces us to relativise ourselves (or be relativised) and this is the reason for the Michelson-Morley enigma, that we are relativised to the speed of light and we measure the speed of light as a constant, no matter how we are moving. This is the core of the enigma that has ‘plagued’ me for a lifetime, that each person ‘sees’ the speed of light to their mind as the same, irrespective of their motion (chapter 72).

 

Now, two points have to be made, firstly, a photon is simply ‘bits’ of free energy, and secondly, (a +/and b)=1 is the fifth dimension of a probability space, but it is also the mathematics of concepts that took me years to understand/derive and it contains mathematics as a special case and, I believe, not using the mathematics of concepts is the reason that we have social problems in this world, so the general case is given:

 

From chapter 87, ‘a definition of general mathematics/organization consists of:

 

(1)   the mathematics of concepts, and in particular, the orthogonality of concept and context and the necessity of numericalization of context,

(2)   the four search axioms (forward-planning, questing, relevance and elegance) that are derived from Life, the probability space and the fifth dimension, or from common sense,

(3)   recognising physical-space, logical-space and mind-space as consisting of both world O and P.’

 

Life is a parasite that has had 3,000 million years to infiltrate itself into the physical space (world P) to make a comfortable niche (world O) for itself and general mathematics/organization explains how it infiltrated. Concerning the four axioms, quoted above, from chapter 81: ‘The Math Book, (by Clifford A. Pickover, p 284) gives the five Peano Axioms as a basis of arithmetic, and certain things appeared to be missing, such as the mind/brain to determine elegance of content, forward planning (dimension 6), the measurement of each numeral (questing) and the relationship between numerals (relevance)’.

 

Further, ‘If we unfold (a+b)=1 in a probability space, as above, including Life, we get:

concept/forward-planning/quest/relevance/beauty/context.

 

If we unfold (a+b)=1 in a probability space, as above, excluding Life, we get:

measurement/quest/relevance/entanglement.’

 

‘Notice that forward-planning is a dimension specific to Life and necessary for the predator/prey basis of iteration and the four axioms are immediately obvious in the above.’

 

It will be seen, above, that the mathematics of concepts (concept/context, world O) has been built on the physical (measurement/entanglement/observer, world P), and that the mind-space that we, I believe, use for the mind has been built on the space of ‘+’ and ‘and’, and this latter space is the space that allows the photon to function, and to function, a photon needs to carry energy and it also needs a link to the space that it resides in, and this requires (a+b)=1 for energy, (a and b)=1 for structure and ‘+/and’ for completeness. It might seem strange to link the functioning of our mind to the photon, but, our space is built on five dimensions only and we have evolved a mind built on this limited base because we can. This is not to say that our mind is constrained in any way because we have built/evolved spaces that are ‘new’ to the world P. This can be done because the operator of a probability space is the relation (a +/and b)=1 for all a and b and this leads to the Mandrake effect, chapter 86, where any concept/context can be used in the mathematics of concepts [that was built on (a +/and b)=1]. In other words, energy and gravity use the endpoints ‘+’ and ‘and’, whilst mind-space uses the continuum [the proof is that we can think abstractly].

 

Now, photons are stable and travel vast distances from the stars and then on reaching earth, they are absorbed by a recorder and strangely/enigmatically the recorder does not ‘clog up’ with all the ‘vehicles’ that carry the energy. In other words, the ‘packaging’ that links the energy with the space magically disappears/reused when the photon is absorbed. Now, Newtonian physics reduces everything to mechanics so that energy, which is everything, is classified as force, momentum, acceleration, velocity etc., which, not surprisingly, are world O [our] units that we developed to be able to ascertain ‘safe’ distances in the predator/prey relationship. They are not the units of world P [probability/physical] and completely ignore the mechanism/logic of our universe. That omission is the Newtonian legacy that we have to break through.

 

From chapter 72: ‘One requirement any law of nature must satisfy is that it dictates that the energy of an isolated body surrounded by empty space is positive, which means that one has to do work to assemble the body. That’s because if the energy of an isolated body were negative, it could be created in a state of motion so that its negative energy was exactly balanced by the positive energy due to its motion…. Empty space would therefore be unstable.’ (The Grand Design, Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow, p 179). In this quotation, there is no positive and negative energy except by reference to some energy, so clearly it is being used in the sense of orthogonality of two energies and it will be shown at a later date just how important are orthogonalities.

 

If we quest [measure] the energy of the particle in the quotation, what is the potential [negative] energy, according the law of conservation of energy to balance the energy of creation. Notice that relevance, together with questing [and also orthogonality] are basic properties of a measuring space [consider relativity and quantum mechanics breaking away from Newtonian physics].

 

When the particle is created, it might define a new/unused space that, from above, creates energy [possibly dark energy] and the total positive energy that is created is, according to the law of conservation of energy, is balanced by the potential energy increase of the outward motion of the galaxies etc. relative to the original point of creation of the universe. This is the mechanism of the Big Whoosh and totally opposes the idea of a Big Bang, masses of energy and the Newtonian physics of the momentum of the galaxies turning into potential energy. In other words, if there is a balance of energy with the space, and the space increases/defined [by being needed], there must be an increase in logical/organizational energy [dark energy] to enable/power gravity.

 

Now, what if the carrier does not disappear, but remains the link/binding energy in the new guise of energy? Everything is the same because the energy is transported and the logic still links the energy to the space, and from above, ‘EM waves are called photons, which are massless, but they are still affected by gravity’, so gravity is still there and more importantly, is still accountable and it can be seen that gravity and conservation of energy are similar/same, but now a change of viewpoint is needed. Using the example of a fractal, is there any difference between a quested gravity that is intimately linked to every piece of energy and the property of universal summation, because a fractal goes on forever and so, is there a speed of change within that fractal if we change the initial quest? Of course not! In the same way, a probability space may sum to exactly 1 and the speed must be greater than the propagation of energy, the speed of light, to prevent singularities.

 

In other words, there may or may not be a universe-wide summation of energy because local effects give the same result if the speed is finite or infinite. This is where Newtonian physics falls silent, but logically/organizationally, there is no difference between the two cases, so, like a wave and particle, we see what we quest for, and indeed, a probability space made an easier entrance into the problem. The energy of expansion of space must centre on the origin and is the negative potential that balances energy creation and we have to ask, does logic have a speed restriction?  The Lorentz transformation MUST act infinitely/significantly fast to prevent the frames of reference reaching the speed of light and it can only do that if the speed of logic is greater than that of light. Effectively, the speed of logic is instantaneous because frames of reference that a measurement is made from could be a long way away! This is a logical/organizational necessity, otherwise a singularity would occur and our universe would become forever chaotic.

 

The physical energy is (a+b)=1, and the ‘vehicle’ for the photon that ‘liases’ with the space must be logical and negative to balance (a+b)=1 and I believe that it is (a and b)=1 that is the quest of (a +/and b)=1. If (a+b)=1 is positive and (a and b)=1 are quests and opposite in sign, the total energy of the photon is zero. If I extend this thinking, every particle of energy, whether photon or particle contains the energy that it carries, and we know that everything is made of energy, and that is balanced by the ‘vehicle’ that ‘links’/defines the energy’s relationship to the space. This refers to the creation of energy that Life uses in the creation/use of perpetual motion machines (chapter 83) and is a case of mathematics pre-empting physics (chapter 87).

 

To repeat, the logic part (a and b)=1 is gravity, and the force of gravity, or the acceleration due to gravity are Newtonian equivalents of the energy of gravity. It could be said that matter [concentrations of energy] warp space-time, or it could be said that all energy has an entanglement with the universe that depends on the amount of energy. These statements are the same as the warping assumes the effects of energy, whereas, the use of logic demands the statement that every piece of energy contributes entanglement (logical) equal to the amount of energy (physical).

 

The experimental basis of the gravity component of the photon is given as, ‘based on this timeline, prior to the 1919 eclipse, astronomers could have expected one of three results: no deflection at all, assuming a massless photon and Newtonian gravity; some deflection, assuming massless photon that was still accelerated in a Newtonian gravity well; or full deflection, assuming a massless photon in General Relativity.’ (NASA,1919, Sun’s Gravity Bends Starlight)

 

Part 2: the Grand Unified Theory

 

It is with reluctance that I venture into the world of subatomic particles because ‘over the past 50 years or so, hundreds more such ‘elementary’ particles have been discovered. After decades of confusion, the emergence of the Standard Model has restored a large measure of order to elementary particle physics’ (The New Quantum Universe, Tony Hey and Patrick Walters, p 251) My contribution, for what it is worth, is to leave the subject unchanged, but slide a bottom-up ‘understanding’ under the subject by a slight ‘twist’ of understanding/reappraisal and to do this I will follow the excellent textbook quoted above.

 

As well as questing, relevance is important to a probability space and these two formed the problem areas of modern physics as quantum mechanics and relativity and were the first (effective) steps to breaking the bonds/bounds of Newtonian physics and probing our space. I have tried to fill out these studies further, and an example could be why the dimensions change as two frames of reference approach the speed of light. Clearly, from a logical perspective, it is easiest to change all the dimensions instead of singling out a specific number, and, as the logical limit of the speed of light is approached, the only things that can be used by the space are the dimensions, that logically change, as does the energy, to prevent the singularity occurring. The orthogonality of ‘+’ and “and’ show that there must be logical and physical effects, as in this case and also answers an enigma that has disturbed me for a long time, and that is, why such strange things occur in relativity [energy/mass, time and length changes].

 

It is also common knowledge/wonderment that pure mathematical ideas become applicable at a later date, ‘George Boole’s ideas on mathematical logic, developed in the 1850s for no good practical reason, turned out to be just what the electronic engineers of the forties and fifties needed to build computers.’ (p 226) Unfortunately, mathematics is no longer in the forefront of the possibilities of the mind and needs general mathematics to present solutions to problems of social context because our society is ‘drowning’ in warming, pollution and people

 

Also, physics is wedded to Newtonian world O thinking and forces unnatural relationships onto the physical world and ignores the relationship of energy/mass to the space containing them. In particular, the picture of the photon, as above, as a carrier of energy containing an equal amount of gravity/logical energy [orthogonal components] that links it to every other piece of energy in the universe appears sensible in that it explains diffraction. However, in chapter 74, I looked at the Unified Field theory and found that for photons, ‘electromagnetic interaction: the familiar interaction that acts on electrically charged particles. The photon is the exchange particle for this force’. And for gravity, ‘gravitational interaction: a long-range attractive interaction that acts on all particles. The postulated exchange particle has been named the graviton.’

 

It appears that the above allows us to integrate the photon energy with gravity, and in particular, all energy with gravity as desired by the Unified Field theory. The general case is, using a probability space, the fifth dimension (a +/and b)=1 quests to (a+b)=1, (a and b)=1 and ‘+/and’ that are three physical spaces that have been built/evolved by Life that contain general mathematics [Life (‘+/and’) and (a +/and b)=1], the mathematics of concepts [(a +/and b)=1] and mathematics [(a+b)] for measurement/recorders a and b plus the basic relationship for our universe: energy is equivalent to (a +/and b)=1, where a and b are measurement/recorders and this suggests that the subatomic forces contain logical overtones.

 

‘The combination of classical electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and relativity provides an astonishingly successful description of electromagnetic forces. The resulting theory is called Quantum Electrodynamics, or QED for short. (p 245) ‘Particle physicists also believe that they have at last discovered the correct theory of the strong nuclear force. We now have a theory of the proton and neutron in terms of their quark constituents … This theory is called Quantum ChromoDynamics, or QCD for short.’ (p 245)

 

Returning to the double slit experiment using a shielded magnet and piece of paper, why do we see the Bohm-Aharanov effect, ‘their prediction aroused much controversy amongst physicists until the effect was conclusively confirmed by experiment in the early 1960s.’ (p 250) My aim is not to follow historical ideas such as ‘Hermann Weyl… in the 1920s, when trying unsuccessfully to unify gravity and electromagnetism, he introduced some of the ideas of modern gauge theory. The term ‘gauge theory’ is a relic of these attempts.’ (p 250) From above, gravity/logic and electromagnetism/energy are orthogonal/independent and the magnet may be shielded energy-wise, but it cannot be shielded gravity/logic wise [entanglement] and that is the reason that a double unimpeded slit gives 3 peaks, paper (on 1 slit) gives 2 peaks, magnet (middle) gives 2 peaks, magnet (shielded middle) gives 2 peaks, but magnet (shielded middle) plus paper (on 1 slit) gives 3 peaks. Note that the shielded and unshielded magnets have the same effect logically, as indicated above.

 

The Michelson-Morley experiment and the double slit experiment show the effect of logic through the speed of light being constant and causing relativisation in the measurer and the Bohm-Aharanov effect showing that logic/gravity is not the same as energy, links into the structure of the photon and the elementary particles and shows that quark/anti-quark pairs are the manifestation of this orthogonality [necessary logic/organization for quark/anti-quark pairs and neutron/proton pairs]. A bottom-up examination ‘clears the decks’ and allows us to build theories on how ‘bits’ of energy/logic fit together and a major tool is the Feynman diagrams, and it is a major tool because his method is exactly what a probability space does, instantaneously.

 

From chapter 72, “in the double slit experiment Feynman’s ideas mean the particles take paths that go through only one slit or only the other; paths that thread through the first slit, back out through the second slit, and then through the first again; paths that visit the restaurant that serves that great curried shrimp ….. It might sound nutty, but for the purposes of most fundamental physics done today … Feynman’s formulation has proved more useful than the original one.’  (The Grand Design, Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow p 75)

 

‘Looking at the fifth dimension CEM (mathematics of concepts/entanglement/measurement it is literally obvious that Feynman’s formulation was correct because entanglement (context) links every point, measurement (concept) is available for every point and provides the probability that is necessary in a probability space all instantaneously. Feynman’s formulation is a mathematics of concepts that links probabilities and entanglement of energy together and in doing so, was necessarily correct, even if he didn’t know why.’

 

To return to the main story, I believe that there is an orthogonality between the physical and the organizational [our mind-space] that allows the physical part of energy to show up in cloud chambers because that was the way the experiments were conceived. However, ‘nor do we have a real understanding of why there are three doublets of quarks – (up, down), (strange, charm) and (top, bottom) – to accompany these lepton doublets or any real understanding of the large range of masses of the different quarks’ (The New Quantum Universe, Tony Hey and Patrick Walters, p 274) [orthogonality produces doublets and triplets] Further, ‘we have now accumulated much circumstantial evidence that suggests that hadrons contain quarks and gluons, yet it seems that their interactions arrange things so that we can never isolate an individual quark or gluon. If we try to pull a quark out of a baryon, we have to put in so much energy that we create a quark-antiquark pair’ (p 269)

 

These quotations suggest that the interior of subatomic particles is complicated, but the resistance of the quarks to being split into smaller bits suggests that quarks are as fundamental as possible, or, as I suggest, a baryon is fundamental and the quarks are/contain organizational energy that balances energy in the same way that gravity acts in the photon.  In other words, the inability to separate a quark-antiquark pair suggests a similar situation to the energy/energy and energy/logic above and links quarks to gravity, conservation of energy and unification.

 

‘Since the early days of nuclear physics, physicists had hoped that the theory of the strong force would be simple and elegant. With the discovery of the pion and the menagerie of all the other hadrons, together with their excited states, it rapidly became apparent that the force between neutrons and protons was very complicated…. Perhaps the so-called strong interactions are merely a feeble shadow of enormously powerful inter-quark forces that can be described by a simple and elegant law.’ (p 266) This paragraph sums up and points the way because the ‘enormously powerful inter-quark forces’ are, possibly, logical and independent of any energy thrown at them. If the universe can be built from five dimensions, the universe is simple and the problem is in our view of it.

 

There is a manifestation of an ‘enormously powerful force’ and it is a simple one that is unbreakable, and that is orthogonality, where two things are independent and it is unbreakable because they are independent, but this Law of Orthogonality is remarkable because it generates a space. So, our universe is a logic/organization filled with (what we call) energy that is the reverse/independent of logic, and that leads into the understanding of gravity, that it is an energy and an organization at the same time. The proof is the Big Whoosh, where, reversing time, gravity (negative energy) decreases as energy (positive) deceases until they both become zero.

 

The splitting/orthogonality generates the energy that we, as parasites, need to use to live, and the planets are where we evolved because that is where we could evolve. The photon is energy/logic [energy + logic/gravity = 0], as described above, and that generalization can be carried on into the subatomic particles, and the theoretical quarks, I believe, are exactly this. A quark-antiquark pair’ appears to be nothing more than what I have been saying and the next question is what is a gluon? ‘Photons couple to the ordinary electric charge of the quarks: gluons couple to the colour charge of the quarks.’ (p 268) ‘Physicists believe that this is not an accident and that the interactions between quarks and gluons arrange themselves to make it impossible for us to isolate a single quark. This property is called quark confinement’ (p 268)

 

From above, I believe that quark confinement is nothing more that the independence/orthogonality of energy/logic ‘QCD has the remarkable property that the effective coupling becomes smaller at shorter and shorter distances …”Asymptotic Freedom”’ (p 272) and one would logically expect that increasing energy to separate positive and negative components of energy/logic would cause problems. The ability to separate positive and negative charges by adding energy does work outside of the atom, but trying to disrupt elementary particles that are held together by energy (anti-logic) and logic (anti-energy) might be futile, otherwise they would not be elementary.

 

Logically, along the thinking of the Ancient Greeks, there has to be a smallest ‘something’, but I question the need for gluons because, I believe, as above, the ‘glue’ is the inherent orthogonality of the quark/anti-quark. Likewise, there is no need, I believe, for gravitons because gravity is part of the space and linked to both the photon and quarks. ‘The Standard Model has been remarkably successful and has survived twenty years of detailed examination by experiment….. One way to go further is to seek to combine all three of the weak, electromagnetic and strong forces in a ‘Grand Unified Theory’ or GUT. Although there is no direct experimental evidence in support of such a unification, theoretical physicists are continuing to do their job and are already diligently looking beyond GUTs to new ideas of ‘supersymmetry’ and ‘strings’ in the hope of finding a theory that includes gravity in a way that is consistent with quantum mechanics.’ (p 246)

 

From above, I linked gravity with quantum mechanics in the investigation of the photon and linked gravity with the quark-antiquark pair, so the GUT has been extended. I am not going to say that the job is complete, but I believe that paths have been blazed to sufficiently tie enough together and further will have to wait for a later date.

 

References: all quotations are fully referenced in the body and earlier chapters can be found on    darrylpenney.com    if required.

 

Chapter 27: Existence, Reality and the Effect on Fundamental Physics

 

Chapter 87: The Problems with Science and Mathematics, Local Entanglement, the Pauli Exclusion Principle, General Mathematics/organization, a Call to Expand Mathematics and a Proof of Completeness of General Mathematics/organization.

 

Chapter 85: General Mathematics, the Three Fundamental Quests, the Law of Conservation of Energy and its the Strange Effect on the Theory of Relativity, a Number of Enigmas are Explained, Creating a New Evolution Using Plato’s Politics and Developing the Concept of the ‘Second Coming’

 

Chapter 86: How the Mind Works, Evolution in Mind-space, the Placebo/nocebo Effect Has Two Parts, Combating Chronic Pain, Why Eastern and Western Medicine are Similar, Unfolding Mind-space from the Fifth Dimension and the Law of Conservation of Minimum Energy

 

Chapter 72: The Why and the How of the Big Bang, Why the Universe is ‘Flat’, Inflation and Quanta are Explained, Why Feynman was Correct, Why Matter Predominates over Antimatter, Why the Speed of Light is Constant and an Absolute, Relativisation is the Work-horse of the Universe, the Fifth Dimension, Dark Energy Might be Necessary for Survival, the Super-world of the Mind, Gravity and the Law of Conservation of Energy Unfolded

 

Chapter 81: Parasites in Probability Space, General Mathematics, Logic, Measurement, Organization, the Four Axioms of Measurement that Link the Mind/brain to Mathematics and the Dimensions of a Probability Space, Life as a Possible Sixth Dimension, the Why of Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems and the Goal of Explaining Everything by a Single, Elegant, Unified Equation is Attained.

 

Chapter 74: Extending the Unified Field Theory

 

Chapter 83: The Big Whoosh, Godel’s Incompleteness Theorems, Perpetual Motion Machines, the Axioms that Define the Mind, Bell’s Inequality, Limitations on Quantum Computing